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Multicast Routing: Rather Than Dense, Sparse It And Let’s Meet At Rendez-Vous Point… Part 5/6

In this post let’s detail the operation of PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) in sparse mode. Previous posts tackled the operation of PIM dense mode. Let’s recall that PIM is the multicast routing protocol that allows PIM routers exchange information needed distribute multicast traffic to receivers. Introduction This blog is a part of a serie of…...

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What Is the Best Way of Subnetting?

In this post, let’s recall what is subnetting for routing and switching purposes and how it is done. Motivation Network subnetting is very important subject that maybe referred to as VLSM for variable length subnetting. The basic idea is about managing a space of IP addresses (IPv4). Historically, a network length or space was fixed…...

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Cisco HSRP In Detail

In this blog, we’ll discuss in detail the operation of HSRP one of the most known FHRP (First Hop Routing Protocols) protocols proposed by Cisco to help secure (in terms of redundancy) the gateway (for hosts or servers) within a LAN. The objective is simple: configure one gateway address and provision as many real routers…...

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BGP Session Keepalive And Hold Times

In this post we’ll deep into the operation of BGP that is a Border Gateway protocol aimed at connecting (routing information exchange) autonomous system in contrast with IGP (Interior Gateway Protocols) that run into each autonomous system. Thus, we do not need to have detailed information about IGPs to exchange routing information… before this routing…...

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I-BGP Synchronization With IGP

In this blog, we will discuss the I-BGP synchronization with IGP feature. A little introduction By definition, the BGP synchronization rule requires that when a BGP router receives information about a network from an I-BGP neighbor, it does not use this information until a matching route : static or dynamic : learned via an IGP…...

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