Point-to-Point OSPF Network Operation over a LAN that connects multiple routers
What happens when LAN interfaces are configured as point-to-point network type OSPF interfaces instead of default broadcast type? And more than 2 ospf routers are present on this media? Let’s […]
DUAL route FSM Processing of EIGRP Queries
An interesting case of how DUAL route FSM operates. First let’s note that an EIGRP router send a Query to its neighbor to find a better route to a destination […]


Understand RIP Routing Timers All in One Shot!
Cisco’s RIP implementation defines 4 times tight to one periodic update interval and 3 states: invalid, hold-down and flush. The misleading information is that they are referred to as “timers” […]
Transmit Power Control in IEEE 802.11 Cisco WLAN networks
TPC stands for Transmit Power Control. It’s a one of Cisco RRM, Radio Resources Management, techniques that are aimed at tackling interference, cross and co-channel, in Wlan networks.