If not, what are some of technologies, protocols, or strategies to achieve the same? without routing?

“without routing” means no router in between A and B. In other terms, a traceroute from router A to router B, would show only one hop to reach person B.

Technologies maybe reordered following the OSI model from top to down:

• tunnel, vpn: vrf, xconnect, vpls, pseudo-wire, mp-bgp, mpls, lables, etc.
• switched circuits: frame relay, atm, x.25, fixed or on-demand switched circuits, dial-up, adsl, etc.
• leased lines: modem, analogic, numeric, low rate, v24, v35, x21, interfaces, etc.